The Arab-Muslim Influence on Xi’an, Where China Became a Nation

posted on: Jul 22, 2020

By: Habeeb Salloum/Arab America Contributing Writer

I was watching on television in Toronto when, as a part of the Silk Road Festival being held in Aleppo Syria, a scene was being re-enacted of caravans arriving, after a long journey, from China.  “It must have commenced its journey in Xi’an”, I thought to myself.  I had read much about that historic Chinese city and had always yearned to explore its historic sites.

Now, a few months later, I was walking the streets of that imperial Chinese metropolis, which with its 2,994 cultural and historic sites, has become for visitors China’s exotic mecca.  Its many attributes, especially its historic remains, have made it a much-sought tourist destination.

Standing above all its appeals is its Terra Cotta army, ancient and well-preserved medieval walls – one of few walled cities that still exist in China – the atmosphere of its Muslim quarter and excellent well-known cuisine.  As I explored its historic sites, examined the handiwork of its artisans, and sampled its savory foods, I felt that my dream had come true. Historic Xi’an, with a long and illustrious history, was within my grasp.

Situated strategically at the crossroads of the routes crossing China and Central Asia, the city, during the Classical period and the middle Ages grew into one of the most sophisticated and wealthiest urban centers in the world.  At the height of its splendor, it vied with Rome and later with Constantinople and Cordova as the greatest city on the globe.

In those centuries, it was also the first Chinese city to open its doors to the outside world..  It established itself as a world leader in culture and trade and became the first stop on the famous silk road, playing a vital role in bridging the gap between East and West.

With a history going back some 3,000 years, it was called Chang’an in ancient times and, because of its wealth, it became known as the ‘Golden City’.  Serving as the capital of China for 13 Dynasties – chief among them the Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.  Their power spanned 1,300 hundred years, longer than any other of China’s six most famous capital cities.  Xi’an reached the peak of its power during the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907A.D) when the city became the center of the known world.  As well, mainly because of the Silk Road, it became the center of Buddhist, Christian, and Muslim missionary activities.

All the dynasties that called Xi’an home, and thriving religious activities for centuries have left their mark on the city.  Mosques, pagodas, palaces, and especially the emperors’ mausoleums in Xi’an and its environs have made it a tourist Shangri-la.

However, aside from its incredible historic attributes, this city of 6 million and the capital of Shaanxi province has numerous other drawing cards.  It is a commercial and industrial urban center, noted for its cotton, wool, and, above all, its silk products.  With 56 universities and colleges, it is also a place of refinement and learning.  A number of its universities are considered to be the best in China and, hence, the city has a large student population that contribute much to the cultural life of the city.

On the other hand, travelers come to Xi’an, in the main, to see its Terra Cotta army created by one of China’s most renowned emperors, Qin Shi Huang, who believed it would protect him for eternity.  This great archaeological treasure, one of the most sensational finds of all times in China’s long and illustrious history, is an amazing memento to china’s illustrious past.

Ascending the throne at the tender age of 13, in 246 B.C., Qin Shi Huang set about making the six warring Chinese states into one nation. He conquered the six Chinese kingdoms in existence at that time and united China for the first time in its history, then set himself up as the first emperor of the Dynasty of Qin – the name from which China is derived.

One of the most important of China’s emperors, his rule became a landmark in Chinese history.  He is credited with standardizing the Chinese script, establishing a unified weight system, replacing hereditary rulers with a centrally appointed administrative system, instituting agricultural reform, and uniting the country by building over 6,000 miles (9,660 km) of roads and 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of canals.  Also, he joined previously built defense ramparts to form the first Great Wall of China.  However, enshrining his name forever is his Terra Cotta army, which his admirers fondly call the 8th wonder of the world.

These clay warriors rank with the Great Wall as one of China’s most important historic sites.  Stunning and eye-boggling, the more than 2,200-year-old Terra Cotta soldiers with their chariots, horses, and weapons are, without doubt, one of the world’s great wonders, reflecting the pomp and glory of the times.  Meant to accompany their Emperor after death, the more than 7,000 life-size clay soldiers, with their battle gear, marshaled in combat formation, ready for battle, give us a glance at one of China’s greatest wonders.

The soldiers, depicted in battle dress according to rank and unit, consists of vivid life-size figures of warriors about six feet high clad in armor or short gowns, belted at the waist, with leggings and tightly lashed boots – their craftsmanship and size are extraordinary.  None of the soldiers look alike – each has a distinctive individual expression and hairstyle.

UNESCO has declared the Terra Cotta army a World Heritage Site.  A natural museum of history, the soldiers with their battle gear and chariots are the epitome of the 5,000-year-old history of China.  Absolutely incredible to first-time visitors, they have made Xi’an a favorite stopping place for an ever-increasing number of tourists.

Not as important as the clay warriors, but very impressive are the 600-year-old 14 km (9 mi) city walls, constructed by piling up the soil dug up from the surrounding moat and facing it with bricks.  The best-preserved old city walls in China, standing 12m (39 ft) high, they were once topped by 98 towers, 20 of which remain – the most notable being the Bell, Drum, and South Gate towers.

Another interesting side on the edge of town is the Pan Po Neolithic village, dating back to 4500 B.C.  The site has yielded 45 homes, six pottery kilns, 200 storage pits, 250 tombs, and 10,000 tools.  A Disney-style village has been erected on the site to give visitors an idea of how the original town was at the dawn of civilization.

For travelers, an exciting end to their exploration of Xi’an is the Muslim Quarter.  In this historic and romantic section, filled with fine eating places serving delicious Muslim food, one can stroll and shop for interesting traditional souvenirs while enjoying the aura of this Chinese-Muslim area.

After exploring this exotic quarter, I ended my day at the Tongshengxiang Restaurant. As I relished my Niuyangroupaomo (steamed bun soaking in mutton soup), the famous dish for which Xi’an is known, I thought of the Terra Cotta soldiers and their Emperor.  He yearned for eternal life but instead gave a never-ending life to a clay army that has given eternal life to his name.  Such are human frivolities, especially when associated with power.

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